当地时间8月24日上午，金砖国家领导人第十五次会晤召开特别新闻发布会，宣布金砖国家扩员。阿根廷、埃及、埃塞俄比亚、伊朗、沙特阿拉伯、阿联酋获邀加入金砖国家合作框架。六国的加入将进一步提升发展中国家和新兴经济体在全球舞台上的代表性、话语权和影响力。本次历史性扩员彰显开放包容、合作共赢的金砖精神，金砖合作机制日益成为推动世界经济增长、完善全球治理结构以及促进国际关系民主化的重要力量。
1. minilateralism 少边主义、小多边主义
The term “minilateralism” refers to a new trend in international relations that emphasizes small- and medium-sized alliances of like-minded nations. This trend, which is on the rise in the West as well, will be exacerbated by the expansion of the BRICS.
“小多边主义”一词指的是国际关系中的一种新趋势，强调由志同道合的国家组成的中小型联盟。这一趋势在西方世界也呈上升趋势，金砖国家的扩员将加剧这一趋势。
（英文摘自2023.08.29 Eurasia Review 网站）
Today, however, we are seeing a new wave of “minilateralism” — a style of diplomatic engagement that gives prominence to small- and medium-sized coalitions of like-minded states.
然而，今天我们看到的是新一轮的“小多边主义”浪潮，即一种重视由志同道合的国家组成的中小型联盟的外交接触方式。
（英文摘自2023.08.23 United States Institute of Peace 网站）
▲图片来源：United States Institute of Peace
2. antagonism 对抗、敌对
As you point out, there are pairs of countries with strong histories of mutual antagonism, territorial disputes, or even outright conflict within the group — it’s hard to see India and China fully cooperating on a wide range of issues or the Iranians and Saudis suddenly being best friends.
正如您所指出的那样，在这个集团中，有些国家在历史上就存在严重的相互敌对、领土争端，甚至是直接冲突——很难想象印度和中国会在广泛的问题上充分合作，也很难想象伊朗和沙特会突然成为最好的朋友。
（英文摘自2023.09.01 Foreign Policy 网站）
The essence of BRICS lies not in antagonism toward the US or the West, but in fostering diverse global options and enhancing the world economic framework.
金砖国家的本质不在于同美国或西方对立，而在于促进多样化的全球选择，并强化世界经济框架。
（英文摘自2023.09.04 Mail & Guardian 网站）
3. convertibility 可兑换性
There’s also issues of convertibility, security and access to financial markets.
此外，还有可兑换性、安全性及金融市场准入等问题。
（英文摘自2023.08.30 Sydney Morning Herald 网站）
▲图片来源：The New York Times
4. counterweight 平衡物、平衡力
The summit has focused on whether to expand the club and how to be a counterweight to Western powers.
峰会重点讨论了是否扩大成员国数量以及如何与西方大国抗衡的问题。
（英文摘自2023.09.01 The New York Times 网站）
Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa have invited six other countries to join the BRICS grouping next year to create a geopolitical counterweight to the G7 and potentially a framework to reduce dependence on Western financial systems.
巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和南非已邀请其他六个国家明年加入金砖国家集团，在地缘政治上与七国集团抗衡，并有可能建立一个框架来减少对西方金融体系的依赖。
（英文摘自2023.08.25 Center For Strategic & International Studies 网站）
5. embryonic 初期的、萌芽的
Other initiatives such as cooperation on health research and space exploration are in their embryonic stages.
其他倡议，如卫生研究和太空探索方面的合作，尚处于萌芽阶段。
（英文摘自2023.09.01 The New York Times 网站）
However, the dollar’s position in the oil trade is deeply embedded — hedging, for instance, revolves around the dollar, and alternative hedging mechanisms like in China are in embryonic stages.
然而，美元在石油贸易中的地位根深蒂固——例如，对冲交易就是围绕美元进行的，而像中国这样的替代对冲机制还处于萌芽阶段。
（英文摘自2023.08.31 Energy Intelligence 网站）
6. equilibrium 平衡、均衡、均势
The BRICS incident emphasizes the importance of robust diplomacy in maintaining equilibrium in regions fraught with complexity.
此次金砖峰会凸显了强有力的外交手段在维持复杂地区稳态方面的关键作用。
（英文摘自2023.08.31 International News and Views 网站）
▲图片来源：Xinhua News Agency
Evidently, from a geopolitical standpoint, BRICS offers India a strategic avenue to harmonize its interests with a delicate equilibrium between the US and the Russia-China nexus.
显然，从地缘政治层面看，金砖国家为印度提供了一个战略平台，使其能够更加巧妙地在美国和中俄关系之间协调其利益。
（英文摘自2023.08.21 Anadolu Ajansı 网站）
7. realpolitik 现实政治
In realpolitik, the new members of BRICS will be courteous towards India, but most will align with China’s worldview.
在现实政治的格局中，新加入金砖国家的成员虽会对印度持有礼貌态度，但多数成员国在观念体系上将更倾向于与中国保持一致。
（英文摘自2023.08.26 Indian Express 网站）
The Summit in Johannesburg, titled ‘BRICS and Africa’ is all set to lay the foundation stone of a robust multilateral forum that is pro-economics and development, and has little to cater to realpolitik.
即将在约翰内斯堡举行的“金砖与非洲”主题峰会将为建立一个以经济和发展为核心，而对现实政治不甚关注的强大多边平台奠定基础。
（英文摘自2023.08.22 Tribune 网站）
8. grapple with 努力应对、尽力解决
The larger objective, even as China grapples with its own faltering economy, seems clear: “Xi Jinping is not trying to out-compete America in the existing liberal international order dominated by the U.S.,” Steve Tsang, director of the SOAS China Institute at the University of London, told CNN.
即使中国正面临自身经济的不稳定局面，其更为宏大的战略目标似乎已经清晰可见。正如伦敦大学亚非学院（SOAS）中国研究院主任曾锐生教授（Steve Tsang）在接受CNN专访时明确指出：“习近平主席并不寻求与美国在其主导的自由国际秩序中展开较量。”
（英文摘自2023.08.22 Washington Post 网站）
▲图片来源：Washington Post
Today, as the world grapples with unprecedented challenges that demand collective efforts, the established norms of international relations are undergoing yet another transformation.
今日，全球正面临前所未有的多重挑战，共同努力迫在眉睫。在这种情境下，国际关系的既定规范也正在经历着又一次转变。
（英文摘自2023.08.24 The National News 网站）
9. GDP(PPP): gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity 购买力平价
In total, this expanded BRICS now increases its share of global GDP from 32% to 37% on a PPP basis. The difference between nominal GDP and PPP GDP is that nominal GDP is measured in absolute units (usually the USD).
总体来看，在购买力平价基础上，经过扩充的金砖国家集团现已将其在全球GDP中的份额从原先的32%提升到37%。名义GDP与购买力平价GDP的主要区别在于前者是以绝对货币单位（通常为美元）来衡量的。
（英文摘自2023.08.25 Silk Road Briefing 网站）
It is important to note that over the past two decades, economic growth in the U.S., measured by PPP, has surpassed that of the BRICS countries, with the notable exception of China.
值得注意的是，过去二十年间，若以购买力平价（PPP）为标准衡量，美国经济增长已经超越金砖国家集团，而中国则成为这一趋势的显著例外。
（英文摘自2023.09.01 Gis Reports 网站）
10. entrant 新成员
But these six new entrants are among dozens of countries that have expressed interest in joining the BRICS.
然而，这六个新加入的成员国只是众多有意加盟金砖集团的国家中的一部分。
（英文摘自2023.08.30 Aljazeera 网站）
Combined, the six new members will account for roughly 10 percent of the group’s aggregate GDP, as Saudi Arabia is the only trillion dollar economy among the new entrants.
总的来看，这六个新加入的成员国将约占金砖集团整体GDP的10%，其中沙特阿拉伯是新加盟国中唯一具有万亿美元规模的经济体。
（英文摘自2023.08.25 Statista 网站）
审核：文晶 许馨匀
